There is another side to the agricultural biotechnology issue however. It includes increased herbicide usage and resultant herbicide resistance super weeds residues on and in food crops genetic contamination of nonGM crops which hurt organic and conventional farmers damage to wildlife from glyphosate etc.


Evidencebased medicine is a recent movement to establish the most effective algorithms of practice ways of doing things through the use of the scientific method and modern global information science by collating all the evidence and developing standard protocols which are then disseminated to healthcare providers. One problem with this best practice approach is that it could be seen to stifle novel approaches to treatment.
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Genomics and knowledge of human genetics is already having some influence on medicine as the causative genes of most monogenic genetic disorders have now been identified and the development of techniques in molecular biology and genetics are influencing medical practice and decisionmaking. Pharmacology has developed from herbalism and many drugs are still derived from plants atropine ephedrine warfarin aspirin digoxin vinca alkaloids taxol hyoscine etc. The modern era began with Robert Kochs discoveries around of the transmission of disease by bacteria and then the discovery of antibiotics shortly thereafter around The first of these was arsphenamine Salvarsan discovered by Paul Ehrlich in after he observed that bacteria took up toxic dyes that human cells did not. The first major class of antibiotics was the sulfa drugs derived by French chemists originally from azo dyes. Throughout the twentieth century major advances in the treatment of infectious diseases were observable in Western societies. The medical establishment is now developing drugs targeted towards one particular disease process. Thus drugs are being developed to minimise the side effects of prescribed drugs to treat cancer geriatric problems longterm problems such as high cholesterol chronic diseases type diabetes lifestyle and degenerative diseases such as arthritis and Alzheimers disease.




The medical decisionmaking MDM process involves analysis and synthesis of all the above data to come up with a list of possible diagnoses the differential diagnoses along with an idea of what needs to be done to obtain a definitive diagnosis that would explain the patients problem.
The treatment plan may include ordering additional laboratory tests and studies starting therapy referral to a specialist or watchful observation. Followup may be advised. This process is used by primary care providers as well as specialists. It may take only a few minutes if the problem is simple and straightforward. On the other hand it may take weeks in a patient who has been hospitalized with bizarre symptoms or multisystem problems with involvement by several specialists. On subsequent visits the process may be repeated in an abbreviated manner to obtain any new history symptoms physical findings and lab or imaging results or specialist consultations.hey kat tkero ru

Branches of medicine

Working together as an interdisciplinary team many highlytrained health professionals besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Examples include nurses emergency medical technicians and paramedics laboratory scientists pharmacy pharmacists physiotherapyphysiotherapists respiratory therapists speech therapists occupational therapists radiographers dietitians and bioengineers.
The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. Dentistry and psychology while separate disciplines from medicine are considered medical fields. A patient admitted to hospital is usually under the care of a specific team based on their main presenting problem eg the Cardiology team who then may interact with other specialties eg surgical radiology to help diagnose or treat the main problem or any subsequent complications developments. Physicians have many specializations and subspecializations into certain branches of medicine which are listed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialties certain subspecialties are in.
The main branches of medicine used in Wikipedia are Basic sciences of medicine this is what every physician is educated in and some returns to in Biomedical researchPreclinical research.

Medical specialties
interdisciplinary fields where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions. Basic sciences Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms especially the structure and function of their chemical components.
Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning evaluation and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidencebased medicine.
Cytology is the microscopic study of individual cells. Embryology is the study of the early development of organisms.
Epidemiology is the study of the demographics of disease processes and includes but is not limited to the study of epidemics.
Genetics is the study of genes and their role in biological inheritance. Histology is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Immunology is the study of the immune system which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans for example. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms including protozoa bacteria fungi and viruses.
Neuroscience includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Nutrition is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes cardiovascular diseases weight and eating disorders allergies malnutrition and neoplastic diseases. Pathology as a science is the study of diseasethe causes course progression and resolution thereof. Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions. Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Toxicology is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons.